Human Immunology News Volume 7.18 | May 14 2019

TOP STORY

The IRE1 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensor Activates Natural Killer Cell Immunity in Part by Regulating c-Myc

Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α)-X-box-binding protein 1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human natural killer cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. [Nat Immunol] Abstract

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HBEGF⁺ Macrophages in Rheumatoid Arthritis Induce Fibroblast Invasiveness

Using single-cell RNA sequencing, scientists defined distinct macrophage subsets in the joints of patients with the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis, which affects ~1% of the population. [Sci Transl Med] Full Article | Press Release

Breast Milk Alkylglycerols Sustain Beige Adipocytes through Adipose Tissue Macrophages

Breast milk alkylglycerols were metabolized by adipose tissue macrophages to platelet-activating factor, which ultimately activated IL-6/STAT3 signaling in adipocytes and triggered beige adipose tissue development in the infant. [J Clin Invest] Full Article | Graphical Abstract | Video

IL-1β, IL-23, and TGF-β Drive Plasticity of Human ILC2s towards IL-17-Producing ILCs in Nasal Inflammation

The authors showed that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) transdifferentiated into IL-17-secreting cells in the presence of the epithelial-derived cytokines IL-1β, IL-23 and TGF-β. [Nat Commun] Full Article

Experimental and Computational Analyses Reveal that Environmental Restrictions Shape HIV-1 Spread in 3D Cultures

Investigators applied Integrative method to Study Pathogen spread by Experiment and Computation within Tissue-like 3D cultures (INSPECT-3D) to analyze HIV-1 spread between primary human CD4 T-lymphocytes using collagen as tissue-like 3D-scaffold. [Nat Commun] Full Article

TIM-3 Dictates Functional Orientation of the Immune Infiltrate in Ovarian Cancer

Researchers harnessed a retrospective cohort of 80 chemotherapy-naïve high-grade serous carcinoma patients to investigate PD-L1 expression and tumor infiltration by CD8⁺ T cells, CD20⁺ B cells, DC-LAMP⁺ dendritic cells as well as by PD-1⁺, CTLA4⁺, LAG-3⁺ and TIM-3⁺ cells in relation with prognosis and function orientation of the tumor microenvironment. [Clin Cancer Res] Abstract

Prognostic Impact of Natural Killer Cell Count in Follicular Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patients Treated with Immunochemotherapy

Scientists assessed whether low pretreatment natural killer cell count in peripheral blood or tumor tissue was associated with worse outcome in patients receiving antibody-based therapy. [Clin Cancer Res] Abstract

Enhanced T-Cell Maturation and Monocyte Aggregation Are Features of Cellular Inflammation in Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-1-Associated Myelopathy

To investigate the immune characteristics of individuals with low or high human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) proviral load, symptomatic disease and the impact of immunosuppressive therapy, thirty-eight women living with HTLV-1 infection, with a median age 59 years were studied. [Clin Infect Dis] Abstract

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and Oral Microbiome in Persistent Apical Periodontitis

Comparison of surgically resected apical periodontitis (AP) and gingival tissues demonstrated that AP tissues express significantly higher levels of Vα7.2-Jα33, Vα7.2-Jα20, Vα7.2-Jα12, Cα and tumor necrosis factor, interferon-γ and interleukin-17A transcripts, resembling a mucosal-associated invariant T cell signature. [Int J Oral Sci] Full Article

Human Natural Killer Cells Mediate Adaptive Immunity to Viral Antigens

The authors found that human natural killer cells displayed vaccination-dependent, antigen-specific recall responses in vitro, when isolated from livers of humanized mice previously vaccinated with HIV-encoded envelope protein. [Sci Immunol] Full Article | Editorial

Wnt5a Is a TLR2/4-Ligand that Induces Tolerance in Human Myeloid Cells

Investigators combined primary cell cultures, in vitro binding studies, mass spectrometry and Drosophila protein modeling to show that Wnt5a is a direct ligand of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4. [Commun Biol] Full Article

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Hippo Pathway in Mammalian Adaptive Immune System

The authors summarize the current understanding of the emerging roles of the Hippo pathway in adaptive immune cell development and differentiation. [Cells] Full Article

Visit our reviews page to see a complete list of reviews in the human immunology research field.

Be The Match BioTherapies^® Announces Collaboration with Poseida Therapeutics to Support Development of Life-Saving Cellular Therapies

Be The Match BioTherapies^® announced a collaboration with Poseida Therapeutics to provide end-to-end services to ensure timely collection, transport and delivery of high-quality cellular starting material to meet the specifications and needs of Poseida throughout the development of their autologous CAR-T programs. [Be The Match BioTherapies] Press Release

Patients’ Own Cells Do the Work in New Roswell Park Immunotherapy Study

A clinical trial underway at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center will assess a brand-new immunotherapy approach in patients with cancer of the ovaries, fallopian tubes or peritoneum that has recurred despite earlier treatment. [Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center] Press Release

NIH Fears Good-Government Bill Would Hamper Peer Review

The much-admired system to review grant proposals at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, has become the latest flashpoint in a long-running battle between Congress and the executive branch over how the US government manages advisory bodies. NIH’s parent body, the Department of Health and Human Services in Washington, D.C., opposes legislation moving rapidly through Congress that is aimed at making those committees more transparent. [ScienceInsider] Editorial

Artificial Intelligence Is Selecting Grant Reviewers in China

China’s largest funder of basic science is piloting an artificial intelligence (AI) tool that selects researchers to review grant applications, in an attempt to make the process more efficient, faster and fairer. Some researchers say the approach by the National Natural Science Foundation of China is world-leading, but others are sceptical about whether AI can improve the process. [Nature News] Editorial

Europe’s Premier Research Funder Appoints New President

Nanobiologist Mauro Ferrari will become president of the European Research Council, the European Union’s premier funder of basic research. Ferrari’s appointment comes as the agency faces challenges to its budget, which cannot currently cover all of the grants that evaluators deem fundable. [Nature News] Editorial

NEW 2019 Focused Meeting of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID)
September 18-21, 2019
Brussels, Belgium

Visit our events page to see a complete list of events in the community.

NEW Postdoctoral Researcher – Interaction of Fungal Cells and Immune Cells (Universität Würzburg)

Postdoctoral Scientist – Cancer Immunotherapy (Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre)

Postdoctoral Position – Immunology (KU Leuven)

Professor – Basal Allergy and Immunology (Aarhus University)

Postdoctoral Opportunities – Tumor Microenvironment/Immunology (Oregon Health & Science University)

Postdoctoral Research Fellow – Mucosal Immunology and the Microbiome (Massachusetts General Hospital)

Postdoctoral Research Fellow – Immunology and Bioengineering (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center)

Postdoctoral Position – Immunology of Enteric Infections (University of Utah)

Postdoctoral Associate – Cancer Biology/Tumor Immunology (Weill Cornell Medicine)

Director of Research – Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics (University of Pennsylvania)

Assistant/Associate or Professor – Cancer Immunotherapy/Tumor Immunology (University of California, Irvine)

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