Mechanistic and Structural Insight into the Functional Dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15 Consistent with their identical interleukin (IL)-2Rβ-γc dimer geometries, IL-2 and IL-15 showed similar signaling properties in lymphocytes, with any differences resulting from disparate receptor affinities. Thus, IL-15 and IL-2 induced similar signals, and the cytokine specificity of IL-2Rα versus IL-15Rα determined cellular responsiveness. [Nat Immunol] Abstract The Short Isoform of the CEACAM1 Receptor in Intestinal T Cells Regulates Mucosal Immunity and Homeostasis via Tfh Cell Induction Previous studies on peripheral T cells show that carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule like I (CEACAM1)-long (L) cytoplasmic tail isoforms predominate with little to no detectable CEACAM1-short (S) cytoplasmic tail isoforms in mouse and human. Researchers showed here that this was not the case in tissue resident T cells of intestines and gut associated lymphoid tissues, which demonstrated predominant expression of CEACAM1-S isoforms relative to CEACAM1-L isoforms in human and mouse. [Immunity] Abstract | Graphical Abstract Dendritic Cells Tolerized with Adenosine A2AR Agonist Attenuate Acute Kidney Injury Researchers found that ex vivo adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR)-induced tolerized DCs suppress NKT cell activation in vivo and provide a unique and potent cell-based strategy to attenuate organ ischemia/reperfusion injury. [J Clin Invest] Full Article | Press Release Viral MHC Class I Inhibition Evades CD8+ T-Cell Effector Responses In Vivo but Not CD8+ T-Cell Priming The authors found no major effect of MHC class I down-regulation on priming of functional cowpox virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Instead, they demonstrated that, during acute infection in vivo, MHC class I down-regulation prevents primed virus-specific CD8+ T cells from recognizing infected cells and exerting effector responses to control the infection. [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA] Abstract C1q Limits Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Activation by Engaging LAIR-1 Functional analyses showed that C1q-mediated inhibition of monocyte-dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and C1q-mediated inhibition of IFN-α production by plasmacytoid DCs were both reversed by leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor 2 (LAIR-2). Moreover, C1q-mediated inhibition of DC differentiation was reversed by LAIR-1 siRNA. Thus, C1q is a functional ligand for LAIR-1 restricting immune cell differentiation and activation. [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA] Abstract Vaccination with Antigen-Transfected, NKT Cell Ligand-Loaded, Human Cells Elicits Robust In Situ Immune Responses by Dendritic Cells The authors established human artificial adjuvant vector cells (aAVC) consisting of human HEK293 embryonic kidney cells stably transfected with the NKT immune cell receptor CD1d, loaded with the CD1d ligand alpha-galactosylceramide and then transfected with antigen-encoding mRNA. When administered to mice or dogs, these aAVCs activated invariant NKT cells elicited antigen-specific T cell responses with no adverse events. [Cancer Res] Abstract Migrating Lymph Dendritic Cells Contain Intracellular CD40 that Is Mobilized to the Immunological Synapse during Interactions with Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes Researchers concluded that migrating lymph dendritic cells contain stores of CD40 that can be mobilized rapidly to the sites of interaction with Ag-specific T cells. The disappearance of CD40 by 24 hours may help in the regulation of T cell activation. [J Immunol] Abstract IFN-γ Limits Th9-Mediated Autoimmune Inflammation through Dendritic Cell Modulation of IL-27 Investigators showed that IFN-γ inhibits Th9 differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. This suppressive activity was dependent on the transcription factor STAT-1. In addition to its direct inhibitory effect on Th9 differentiation, IFN-γ suppressed Th9 cells through the induction of IL-27 from dendritic cells. [J Immunol] Abstract Dendritic Cell Central Nervous System Recruitment Correlates with Disease Severity in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via CCL2 Chemotaxis at the Blood-Brain Barrier through Paracellular Transmigration and ERK Activation To further characterize the direct effect of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in dendritic cell trafficking at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), researchers utilized an in vitro BBB model consisting of human brain microvascular endothelial cells to compare migratory patterns of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. [J Neuroinflammation] Abstract | Full Article The Activity of γδ T Cells against Pediatric Liver Tumor Cells and Spheroids in Cell Culture Researchers aimed to specifically analyze the ability of ex vivo expanded γδ T cells to recognize and lyse hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines in coculture assays. [Liver Int] Abstract |