Immune Regulation News Volume 8.12 | Apr 8 2016

Arginase 1 Is an Innate Lymphoid-Cell-Intrinsic Metabolic Checkpoint Controlling Type 2 Inflammation
Investigators demonstrated that expression of the enzyme arginase-1 during acute or chronic lung inflammation is a conserved trait of mouse and human group 2 innate lymphoid cells. [Nat Immunol]
Abstract | Press Release

Adipose Natural Killer Cells Regulate Adipose Tissue Macrophages to Promote Insulin Resistance in Obesity
Investigators showed that natural killer (NK) cells in adipose tissue play an important role. High-fat diet increased NK cell numbers and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, notably TNFα, in epididymal, but not subcutaneous, fat depots. [Cell Metab] Abstract | Graphical Abstract | Press Release

Androgen Receptor Antagonists Compromise T Cell Response against Prostate Cancer Leading to Early Tumor Relapse
Researchers showed that orchiectomy synergizes with immunotherapy, whereas the more widely used treatment of medical androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) involving androgen receptor antagonists suppresses immunotherapy. They observed that the use of medical ADT could unexpectedly impair the adaptive immune responses through interference with initial T cell priming rather than in the reactivation or expansion phases. [Sci Transl Med] Abstract | Press Release

Neutrophil-Specific Deletion of the CARD9 Gene Expression Regulator Suppresses Autoantibody-Induced Inflammation In Vivo
Investigators showed that neutrophil CARD9 mediates pro-inflammatory chemokine/cytokine but not lipid mediator release during non-infectious inflammation. Genetic deficiency of CARD9 suppresses autoantibody-induced arthritis and dermatitis in mice. [Nat Commun] Full Article

Nuclear Transfer nTreg Model Reveals Fate-Determining TCR-β and Novel Peripheral nTreg Precursors
On RAG1-deficient background, scientists found that monoclonal FoxP3⁺ CD4⁺ T regulatory (Treg) cells developed in the thymus in the absence of other T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that the thymic niche is not a limiting factor in “natural-arising” Treg (nTreg) development. [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]
Abstract | Press Release

Vaccination with Necroptotic Cancer Cells Induces Efficient Anti-Tumor Immunity
The authors report that necroptotic cancer cells release damage-associated molecular patterns and promote maturation of dendritic cells, the cross-priming of cytotoxic T cells, and the production of IFN-γ in response to tumor antigen stimulation. [Cell Rep] Full Article | Graphical Abstract | Press Release

Manipulating TLR Signaling Increases the Anti-Tumor T Cell Response Induced by Viral Cancer Therapies
Scientists sought to influence the type and level of immune response raised after oncolytic vaccinia therapy through manipulation of TLR signaling. Vaccinia naturally activates TLR2, associated with an antibody response, whereas a CTL response is associated with TLR3-TRIF-signaling pathways. [Cell Rep]
Full Article | Graphical Abstract

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Synthetic Glycolipid Activators of Natural Killer T Cells as Immunotherapeutic Agents
The authors discuss the design of synthetic glycolipid activators for invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, their impact on adaptive immune responses and their use to modulate iNKT cell responses to improve immunity against infections and cancer. [Clin Transl Immunol] Full Article

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UChicago and Evelo Biosciences Sign Licensing Deal for Microbiome-Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Evelo Biosciences and the University of Chicago announced that they have entered into an exclusive worldwide license agreement to develop and commercialize a microbiome-based cancer immunotherapy. [Evelo Biosciences] Press Release

Ludwig Cancer Research and CRI Initiate Clinical Trial of Immunotherapy for Ovarian Cancer
Ludwig Cancer Research and the Cancer Research Institute (CRI) have launched a Phase I/II clinical trial of combination immunotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. [Ludwig Cancer Research] Press Release

Type 1 Diabetes Cell Therapy Trial Enrolls First Patient at Sanford
A clinical trial studying the body’s ability to type fight 1 diabetes using cell therapy has used the method on its first participant. “The Sanford Project: T-Rex Study” is a collaborative study between Sanford Health and Caladrius Biosciences, Inc., for adolescents with newly onset type 1 diabetes. [Sanford Health] Press Release

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NEW Postdoctoral Fellowship – Immune Informatics (University of Oslo)

NEW PhD Positions – Cancer Immune Metabolism (University of Erlangen-Nuernberg)

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Postdoctoral Researchers – Tumor Immunology and Cancer Immunotherapy (University of California, Los Angeles)

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Postdoctoral Fellow – Clinical Immunology (Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason)

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