Immunology of Infectious Disease News Volume 7.41 | Oct 23 2019

TOP STORY

Commensal Viruses Maintain Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes via Noncanonical Rig-I Signaling

Mechanistically, the cytosolic viral RNA-sensing receptor RIG-I in antigen-presenting cells could recognize commensal viruses and maintain intraepithelial lymphocytes via a type I interferon–independent, but MAVS-IRF1-IL-15 axis-dependent, manner. [Nat Immunol] Abstract

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Structural Basis for Broad HIV-1 Neutralization by the MPER-Specific Human Broadly Neutralizing Antibody LN01

Investigators examined the structural and molecular mechansims of neutralization by anti-membrane-proximal external region (MPER) bnAb, LN01, which was isolated from lymph-node-derived germinal center B cells of an elite controller and exhibited broad neutralization breadth. [Cell Host Microbe] Full Article | Graphical Abstract

Repurposing Rotavirus Vaccines for Intratumoral Immunotherapy Can Overcome Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Scientists found that rotavirus vaccines had both immunostimulatory and oncolytic properties. In vitro, they could directly kill cancer cells with features of immunogenic cell death. In vivo, intratumoral rotavirus therapy had antitumor effects that were dependent on the immune system. [Sci Transl Med] Full Article

Resident Memory T Cells Are a Cellular Reservoir for HIV in the Cervical Mucosa

The authors showed that cervical CD4⁺ resident memory T cells displayed a unique repertoire of clusters of differentiation, with enrichment of several molecules associated with HIV infection susceptibility, longevity and self-renewing capacities. [Nat Commun] Full Article

Cutaneous Immune Cell-Microbiota Interactions Are Controlled by Epidermal JunB/AP-1

Scientists showed several pathological aspects of atopic dermatitis (AD), including type 2/type 17 immune responses, elevated IgE, barrier dysfunction, pruritus, and importantly, spontaneoua S. aureus colonization in JunB^Δep mice, with a large transcriptomic overlap with AD. [Cell Rep] Full Article | Graphical Abstract

Interleukin-7 Protects against Bacterial Respiratory Infection by Promoting IL-17a-Producing Innate T-Cell Response

By using a cytokine–monoclonal antibody approach, researchers illustrated a role for topical interleukin-7 (IL-7) delivery in increasing the pool of RORγt⁺ IL-17A-producing innate T cells. [Mucosal Immunol] Abstract

Limited Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages by Polyclonal CD4 and CD8 T Cells from the Lungs of Infected Mice

Compared to the relatively high frequencies of T cells specific for antigens such as ESAT-6 and TB10.4, low frequencies of total pulmonary T cells elicited by aerosolized M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection recognized Mtb-infected macrophages. [Mucosal Immunol] Abstract

LTA1 Is a Safe, Intranasal Enterotoxin-Based Adjuvant that Improves Vaccine Protection against Influenza in Young, Old and B-Cell-Depleted (μMT) Mice

In vaccination studies, intranasal A1 domain of heat-labile toxin (LTA1) enhanced immune responses to inactivated virus antigen and subsequent protection against H1N1 flu challenge in mice. [Sci Rep] Full Article

Vitamin A Deficiency Impairs the Immune Response to Intranasal Vaccination and RSV Infection in Neonatal Calves

Investigators showed that Vitamin A deficient calves were unable to respond to the mucosal bovine respiratory syncytial virus nanoparticle (BRSV-NP) vaccine, were afforded no protection from BRSV challenge and had significant abnormalities in the inflammatory response in the infected lung. [Sci Rep] Full Article

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The Good and the Bad of Natural Killer Cells in Virus Control: Perspective for Anti-HBV Therapy

Scientists outline the main natural Killer (NK) cell features with a particular focus on chronic hepatitis B infection infection. They describe different mechanisms involved in NK-T cell interplay as well as how NK cells can have positive anti-viral effector functions and negative suppressive effects on T cells activity. [Int J Mol Sci] Full Article

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Vaxess and GC Pharma to Collaborate on Development of Highly Effective Influenza Vaccine Smart Release Patch

GC Pharma and Vaxess have partnered to commercialize a highly effective, painless, and refrigeration-free flu vaccine in a new, convenient patch format. [GC Pharma (Business Wire, Inc.)] Press Release

Merck Receives EU CHMP Positive Opinion for Investigational V920 Ebola Zaire Vaccine for Protection Against Ebola Virus Disease

Merck announced that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency has adopted a positive opinion recommending a conditional marketing authorization for V920 Ebola Zaire vaccine. [Merck] Press Release

ViiV Healthcare Submits Supplemental New Drug Application to US FDA for Use of Dovato in Virologically Suppressed Adults with HIV-1

ViiV Healthcare announced the submission of a supplemental New Drug Application to the FDA for Dovato as a switch treatment for HIV-1 infection in virologically suppressed adults on a stable antiretroviral regimen with no treatment failure. [ViiV Healthcare (Business Wire, Inc.)] Press Release

Evidence Links Poliolike Disease in Children to a Common Type of Virus

Since 2014, more than 500 children in the United States have suddenly lost muscle control in their arms and legs, a condition called acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), which can cause permanent disability. A new analysis of young patients’ spinal fluid now offers evidence linking a group of common viruses known as enteroviruses to AFM. [ScienceMagazine] Editorial

NIH and Gates Foundation Launch Effort to Bring Genetic Cures for HIV, Sickle Cell Disease to World’s Poor

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation will together invest at least $200 million over the next four years to develop gene-based cures for sickle cell disease and HIV with an attribute even rarer in the world of genetic medicine than efficacy, the groups announced on Wednesday: The cures, they vowed, will be affordable and available in the resource-poor countries hit hardest by the two diseases, particularly in Africa. [STAT News] Editorial

NEW Stromal Cells in Immunity and Disease
February 19-23, 2020
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

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NEW Scientific Lead – Infectious Disease (Public Health England)

Postdoctoral Position – HIV (Tulane University)

Postdoctoral Position/PhD Student – Infectious Diseases, Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunology (Purdue University)

Postdoctoral Associate – Lung Inflammation (The University of Georgia)

Senior Lecturer/Associate Professor – Virology (The University of Melbourne)

Postdoctoral Scientist – Flavivirus Infection (Pasteur Institute of Cambodia)

Assistant/Associate Professor – Immunology (University of Massachusetts)

Faculty Position – Life Sciences (University of Michigan)

Staff Clinician – Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)

Assistant Professor – Microbiology and Immunology (Stanford University School of Medicine)

Postdoctoral Fellowship – Respiratory Pathogens (Massachusetts General Hospital)

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