Immunology of Infectious Disease News Volume 8.35 | Sep 16 2020

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    IIDN 8.35 | Sep 16 2020


    Immunology of Infectious Disease News by STEMCELL Technologies
    Vol. 8.35 – 16 September, 2020
    TOP STORY

    Molecular Architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus

    Scientists report the molecular assembly of the authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging.
    [Cell]

    Abstract

    Request a copy of the COVID-19 wallchart.
    PUBLICATIONSRanked by the impact factor of the journal
    SARS-CoV-2

    An Alpaca Nanobody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by Blocking Receptor Interaction

    Investigators report the isolation and characterization of an alpaca-derived single domain antibody fragment, Ty1, that specifically targeted the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, directly preventing ACE2 engagement.
    [Nature Communications]

    Full Article

    Humanized
    Single Domain Antibodies Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting the Spike Receptor Binding Domain

    Using SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain as a bait, researchers generated a panel of humanized single domain antibodies from a synthetic library.
    [Nature Communications]

    Full Article

    Neutrophil
    Extracellular Traps Infiltrate the Lung Airway, Interstitial, and Vascular Compartments in Severe COVID-19

    Scientists report the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the lungs of each COVID-19 patient. NETs were found in the airway compartment and neutrophil-rich inflammatory areas of the interstitium, while NET-prone primed neutrophils were present in arteriolar microthrombi.
    [Journal of Experimental Medicine]

    Full Article

    SARS-CoV-2–Triggered
    Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Mediate COVID-19 Pathology

    Investigators found that viable SARS-CoV-2 could directly induce the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by healthy neutrophils. Mechanistically, NETs triggered by SARS-CoV-2 depended on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, serine protease, virus replication, and PAD-4.
    [Journal of Experimental Medicine]

    Full Article

    Suboptimal SARS-CoV-2−specific CD8+
    T Cell Response Associated with the Prominent HLA-A*02:01 Phenotype

    SARS-CoV-2−specific CD8+ T cells recovered from convalescent COVID-19 patients had an atypically high prevalence of stem cell memory, central memory, and naïve phenotypes.
    [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]

    Full Article

    In Vivo
    Antiviral Host Transcriptional Response to SARS-CoV-2 by Viral Load, Sex, and Age

    Investigators examined host response gene expression across infection status, viral load, age, and sex among shotgun RNA sequencing profiles of nasopharyngeal swabs from 430 individuals with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and 54 negative controls.
    [PLoS Biology]

    Full Article

    MORE IMMUNOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

    Sphingosine Kinase 2 Restricts T Cell Immunopathology but Permits Viral Persistence

    Researchers demonstrated that sphingosine kinase 2 functioned during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Cl 13 infection to limit T cell immune pathology, which subsequently aided in the establishment of virus-induced immunosuppression and the resultant viral persistence.
    [Journal of Clinical Investigation]

    AbstractFull Article
    Graphical Abstract

    Concanamycin
    A Counteracts HIV-1 Nef to Enhance Immune Clearance of Infected Primary Cells by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

    Scientists discovered that the plecomacrolide family of natural products restored major histocompatibility class I to the surface of Nef-expressing primary cells with variable potency.
    [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]

    Full ArticlePress Release

    Human
    Norovirus Exhibits Strain-Specific Sensitivity to Host Interferon Pathways in Human Intestinal Enteroids

    To understand human norovirus biology and the epithelial response to infection, the authors performed transcriptomic analyses, RT-qPCR, CRISPR-Cas9 modification of human intestinal enteroid cultures, and functional studies with two virus strains.
    [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]

    Abstract

    CD49a Regulates Cutaneous Resident Memory CD8+
    T Cell Persistence and Response

    Investigators demonstrated that CD8+ tissue-resident memory cell expressing the α1 chain (CD49a) was expressed early following T cell activation in vivo, and TGF-β and IL-12 induced CD49a expression by CD8+ T cells in vitro.
    [Cell Reports]

    Full ArticleGraphical Abstract

    PEBP1
    Suppresses HIV Transcription and Induces Latency by Inactivating MAPK/NF-κB Signaling

    Researchers identified phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein 1 (PEBP1), also known as Raf kinase inhibitor protein, as a novel gene inducing HIV latency. Depletion of PEBP1 led to the reactivation of HIV‐1 in multiple models of latency.
    [EMBO Reports]

    Full Article

    The
    Inhibitor Effect of RKIP on Inflammasome Activation and Inflammasome-Dependent Diseases

    The authors showed that Raf kinase inhibitor protein negatively regulated the activation of the NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4 inflammasomes.
    [Cellular & Molecular Immunology]

    Abstract

    OTUD5
    Promotes Innate Antiviral and Antitumor Immunity through Deubiquitinating and Stabilizing STING

    Investigators report that the deubiquitinase OTUD5 interacted with STING, cleaved its K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, and promoted its stability.
    [Cellular & Molecular Immunology]

    Abstract

    Virtual Conference Exhibition: Immunology
    REVIEWS

    Phages and Their Potential to Modulate the Microbiome and Immunity

    Investigators provide an overview of the challenges of the therapeutic use of phages and how these could be addressed for future use of phages as specific modulators of the human microbiome in a variety of infectious and noncommunicable human diseases.
    [Cellular & Molecular Immunology]

    Abstract

    Expanding
    the Role of Bacterial Vaccines into Life-Course Vaccination Strategies and Prevention of Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections

    The author considers the challenges inherent to the prevention of bacterial diseases, particularly mucosal infections caused by major priority bacterial pathogens against which current vaccines are sub-optimal.
    [NPJ Vaccines]

    Full Article

    INDUSTRY AND POLICY NEWS

    Scientists
    Relieved As Coronavirus Vaccine Trial Restarts — But Question Lack of Transparency

    UK trials of the Oxford and AstraZeneca vaccine have resumed after a brief pause, yet key details of the events involved have not been released.
    [Nature News]

    Press Release

    The Coronavirus Is Mutating — Does It Matter?

    Compared with HIV, SARS-CoV-2 is changing much more slowly as it spreads. But one mutation stood out. It was in the gene encoding the spike protein, which helps virus particles to penetrate cells.
    [Nature]

    Editorial

    Valneva
    Announces Major COVID-19 Vaccine Partnership with U.K. Government

    Valneva SE announced a vaccine partnership with the UK government for its inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, VLA2001.
    [Valneva SE]

    Press Release

    Vaxart
    Announces FDA Clearance of IND Application for Oral COVID-19 Vaccine and Provides Update on COVID-19 Program

    Vaxart, Inc. announced that the FDA has completed its review of the Company’s Investigational New Drug application for its Phase I clinical trial evaluating its oral COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
    [Vaxart, Inc.]

    Press Release

    Biopharma
    CEOs Seek to Reassure Public on COVID-19 Vaccine Development

    Amid growing concerns that the Trump administration may try to rush a vaccine against the virus that causes COVID-19 to market prematurely, nine biotech and pharmaceutical CEOs have signed a pledge designed to assure the public that they will stick to scientific and ethical principles.
    [Breaking Media, Inc.]

    Press Release

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