LPA/LPAR1 Signaling Induces PGAM1 Expression via AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α Pathway and Increases Aerobic Glycolysis, Contributing to Keratinocyte Proliferation

HaCaT or HEKa cells were treated with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the presence or absence of various chemical inhibitors. Glycolysis stress was measured using the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer.