TGFβ Control of Immune Responses in Cancer: A Holistic Immuno-Oncology Perspective

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) — one of the most potent and pleiotropic regulatory cytokines — controls almost every stage of the tumour-elicited immune response, from leukocyte development in primary lymphoid organs to their priming in secondary lymphoid organs and their effector functions in the tumour itself.