Ketamine Impairs Growth Cone and Synaptogenesis in Human GABAergic Projection Neurons via GSK-3β and HDAC6 Signaling

Using human GABAergic projection neurons derived from human inducible pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells in vitro, we tested ketamine effects on the growth cones and synapses in developing GABAergic neurons by assessing the morphometry and the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) pathway.