Mechanical Force Induces Macrophage-Derived Exosomal UCHL3 Promoting Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis by Targeting SMAD1

Investigators suggested that mechanical force-induced macrophage-derived exosomal ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 (UCHL3) promotes bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells osteogenesis by targeting mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 1 (SMAD1), thereby promoting alveolar bone formation during orthodontic tooth movement.