Spatiotemporal Delivery of Dual Nanobodies by Engineered Probiotics to Reverse Tumor Immunosuppression via Targeting Tumor-Derived Exosomes

Investigators engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 coexpressing anti-PD-L1 and anti-CD9 nanobodies were developed and decorated with zinc-based metal–organic frameworks loaded with indocyanine green, to generate EcN-Nb-ZIF-8CHO-ICG for spatiotemporal lysis of bacteria for immunotherapy.