Vascular Architecture-on-Chip: Engineering Complex Blood Vessels for Reproducing Physiological and Heterogeneous Hemodynamics and Endothelial Function

A common unifying approach based on gravitational lumen patterning was presented to create non-uniform, living 3D and closed vascular lumens embedded in a collagen matrix and lined with endothelial cells, resulting in reproduction of the architecture of straight vessels, stenosis, bifurcations, aneurysms and tortuous vessels.