Large-Scale Characterization of Orthotopic Cell Line–Derived Xenografts Identifies TGFβ Signaling as a Key Regulator of Breast Cancer Morphology and Aggressiveness

The authors generated orthotopic cell line–derived xenograft (CDX) models from breast cancer cell lines using both mammary intraductal injections and fat pad transplantations. The resulting mammary intraductal CDX and fat pad transplantation CDX models covered the full spectrum of disease progression.