PD-L1 Promotes Myofibroblastic Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells by Distinct Mechanisms Selective for TGF-β Receptor I versus II

To determine the role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in myofibroblastic activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), researchers disrupted PD-L1 of HSCs by shRNA or anti-PD-L1 antibody.