Infection Mobilizes Hematopoietic Stem Cells through Cooperative NOD-Like Receptor and Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Scientists showed that systemic infection of mice with Escherichia coli, commonly associated with bacteremia in humans, mobilized functional hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to the spleen. Mobilized HSCs and progenitor cells gave rise to neutrophils and monocytes and contributed to limiting secondary infection. [Cell Host Microbe] Abstract | Graphical Abstract Fucose-Specific DC-SIGN Signaling Directs T Helper Cell Type-2 Responses via IKKε- and CYLD-Dependent Bcl3 Activation Scientists demonstrate recognition of fucose-expressing extracellular pathogens like Schistosoma mansoni and Helicobacter pylori by DC-SIGN favors T helper cell type-2 responses via activation of atypical NF-κB family member Bcl3. [Nat Commun] Abstract Cytotoxic Markers Associate with Protection against Malaria in Human Volunteers Immunized with Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoites Immunization of healthy volunteers under chloroquine chemoprophylaxis by bites from P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes (CPS immunization) induces sterile protection against malaria. Researchers investigated the association of CPS-induced cytotoxic T cell markers with protection. [J Infect Dis] Abstract | Full Article NOD2 Dependent DC Activation Is Necessary for Innate Immunity and Optimal CD8+ T Cell Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection Researchers demonstrate that nucleotide oligomerization and binding domain 2 (NOD2) is critical for both innate and adaptive immune responses necessary for controlling viral replication and survival during influenza A virus infection. [J Virol] Abstract Long-Term Functional Duration of Immune Responses to HCV NS3/4A Induced by DNA Vaccination Scientists investigated the ability of hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural 3/4A-DNA-based vaccines to activate long-term cell-mediated immune responses in mice. [Gene Ther] Full Article HIV Programmed Death 1 Expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Treated and Untreated HIV Disease Across two large cohorts of untreated and treated individuals, researchers found consistent associations between HIV RNA levels, CD8+ T cell activation and programmed death 1 expression on CD8+ T cells. [AIDS] Abstract Macropinocytosis and TAK1 Mediate Anti-Inflammatory to Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Differentiation by HIV-1 Nef Researchers showed the preferential effect of soluble HIV-1 protein Nef on anti-inflammatory M2-macrophages is mediated by TAK1 (TGF-β-activated kinase 1) and macropinocytosis. [Cell Death Dis] Full Article Virus Particle Release from Glycosphingolipid-Enriched Microdomains Is Essential for Dendritic Cell-Mediated Capture and Transfer of HIV-1 and Henipavirus Scientists hypothesized that virus assembly and budding site determines the ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to interact with mature dendritic cells. [J Virol] Abstract Quantifying and Predicting the Effect of Exogenous Interleukin-7 on CD4+T Cells in HIV-1 Infection In-depth analysis of clinical data revealed the potential for interleukin (IL)-7 to achieve sustained CD4+ T cell restoration with limited IL-7 exposure in HIV-1 infected patients with immune failure despite antiretroviral therapy. [PLoS Comput Biol] Full Article Exposure to Entry Inhibitors Alters HIV Infectiousness and Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies The CCR5-tropic HIV-1 variants BaL, AD8, and CC 1/85 were used to infect PM-1 cells in the presence of two entry inhibitors, enfuvirtide and maraviroc. [J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr] Abstract |