Human Immunology News Volume 8.19 | May 19 2020

TOP STORY

Normal Human Enthesis Harbors Conventional CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T Cells with Regulatory Features and Inducible IL-17A and TNF Expression

CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were investigated in 25 enthesis samples using immunofluorescence, cytometrically, bulk RNAseq and quantitative real-time PCR following anti-CD3/CD28 bead stimulation to determine interleukin (IL)-17A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels. [Ann Rheum Dis] Abstract | Full Article

(Ranked by impact factor of the journal)

Chemotaxing Neutrophils Enter Alternate Branches at Capillary Bifurcations

Investigators showed that pairs of neutrophils arriving closely one after another at capillary bifurcations migrate to alternating branches in vivo and in vitro. Perturbation of chemoattractant gradients and the increased hydraulic resistance induced by the first neutrophil in one branch biased the migration of the following neutrophil towards the other branch. [Nat Commun] Abstract

Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells Invade the Brain Parenchyma in Multiple Sclerosis White Matter Lesions

Researchers quantified T cells and perivascular T-cell cuffing at a standardized location in the medulla oblongata in 146 multiple sclerosis, 20 neurodegenerative control and 20 non-neurological control brain donors. [Brain] Abstract

The Molecular Basis of How Buried Human Leukocyte Antigen Polymorphism Modulates Natural Killer Cell Function

Direct-binding studies showed KIR3DL1 to preferentially recognize human leucyte antigen (HLA)-B*57:01, particularly when presenting peptides with positively charged position (P)Ω-2 residues. In HLA-B*57:01, charged PΩ-2 residues were oriented toward the peptide-binding cleft and away from KIR3DL1. [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA] Abstract

Polygenic Risk for Skin Autoimmunity Impacts Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Bladder Cancer

The authors collected germline whole-genome sequencing data from IMvigor211, a recent Phase III randomized controlled trial comparing atezolizumab monotherapy to chemotherapy in bladder cancer. [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA] Full Article

Systemic Type I IFN Inflammation in Human ISG15 Deficiency Leads to Necrotizing Skin Lesions

Scientists describe five new patients with six novel ISG15 mutations presenting with skin lesions who were managed for dermatologic disease. Cellularly, they denoted striking specificity to the interferon (IFN)-I response, which was previously assumed to be universal. [Cell Rep] Full Article | Graphical Abstract

Platelets Fuel the Inflammasome Activation of Innate Immune Cells

Researchers showed that platelets boosted the inflammasome capacity of human macrophages and neutrophils and were critical for IL-1 production by monocytes. Platelets licensed NLRP3 transcription, thereby enhancing ASC oligomerization, caspase-1 activity, and IL-1β secretion. [Cell Rep] Full Article | Graphical Abstract

Costimulation Blockade Disrupts CD4⁺ T Cell Memory Pathways and Uncouples Their Link to Decline in β-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes

The authors found a significant association between an increase in CD4⁺ central memory T cells cells and the decline of β-cell function. To extend and refine these findings, they examined changes in human CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ naive and memory T cell subsets at greater resolution using polychromatic flow and mass cytometry. [J Immunol] Abstract

Synovial Tissue Transcriptomes of Long-Standing Rheumatoid Arthritis Are Dominated by Activated Macrophages That Reflect Microbial Stimulation

Screening for dominant changes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-synovial tissue (ST) demonstrated activation of monocytes/macrophages with gene-patterns induced by bacterial and fungal triggers. Gene-patterns of activated B- or T-cells in RA-ST reflected a response to activated monocytes/macrophages rather than inducing their activation. [Sci Rep] Full Article

Small Molecule Inhibition of Human cGAS Reduces Total cGAMP Output and Cytokine Expression in Cells

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) synthesized cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which bound to the adaptor stimulation of interferon genes, activating an interferon regulatory factor 3 -mediated immune response. Constitutive activation could result in interferonopathies such as Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome or other lupus-like autoimmune disorders. [Sci Rep] Full Article

The Combined Effects of Moderate Exercise and Short-Term Fasting on Markers of Immune Function in Healthy Human Subjects

Scientists investigated the effects of a short-term fasting period combined with an acute bout of exercise on markers of immune function and inflammation in healthy human subjects. 14 moderately trained male subjects participated in a 36 hours Fasting-Trial followed by an acute bout of moderate exercise. [Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol] Abstract

Subscribe to our sister publications: Immunology of Infectious Disease News & Immune Regulation News.

Clonal Expansion of Innate and Adaptive Lymphocytes

The authors summarize the evidence for clonal expansion in innate lymphocytes, which has primarily been observed in NK cells responding to cytomegalovirus infection, and consider the requirements for such a response in NK cells in light of those for T cells. [Nat Rev Immunol] Abstract

Dichotomous Regulation of Acquired Immunity by Innate Lymphoid Cells

The investigator reviews recent advances in understanding the interaction between innate lymphoid cells and acquired immunity, including T- and B-cell responses at various conditions. [Cells] Abstract | Download Full Article

Visit our reviews page to see a complete list of reviews in the human immunology research field.

US Food and Drug Administration Approves Opdivo^® (Nivolumab) + Yervoy^® (ipilimumab) as First-Line Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Whose Tumors Express PD-L1≥1%

Bristol Myers Squibb announced that Opdivo 3 mg/kg plus Yervoy 1 mg/kg was approved by the UFDA for the first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose tumors express PD-L1 as determined by an FDA-approved test, with no EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations. [Bristol Myers Squibb] Press Release

FDA Grants Priority Review of Sutimlimab, Potential First Approved Treatment of Hemolysis in Adult Patients with Cold Agglutinin Disease

The FDA has granted priority review of Sanofi’s Biologics License Application for sutimlimab for the treatment of hemolysis in adult patients with cold agglutinin disease (CAD). Sutimlimab, an investigational monoclonal antibody, targets the underlying cause of hemolysis in CAD by selectively inhibiting complement C1s. [Sanofi] Press Release

Open-Access Science Funders Announce Price Transparency Rules for Publishers

Science journals will have to disclose the costs of publishing articles in order for them to be paid for by a coalition of research funders pushing for open access. [ScienceInsider] Editorial

Publishers Launch Joint Effort to Tackle Altered Images in Research Papers

The world’s largest science publishers are teaming up to discuss how to automatically flag altered or duplicated images in research papers. A new working group – the first formal cross-industry initiative to discuss the issue – aims to set standards for software that screens papers for problematic images during peer review. [Nature News] Editorial

Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, Some Scientists Bring the Bench Home

While some scientists have turned to writing manuscripts and grants and making inventories of their freezers to keep busy while away from the bench, others have brought experiments home, turning bathrooms, laundry rooms, and kitchens into makeshift labs-sometimes seeing an opportunity to explore new questions, other times trying out of desperation to prevent projects from moving backwards. [The Scientist] Editorial

In light of COVID-19, many conferences are being cancelled or postponed. As such:

We are suspending new event postings in our newsletters and on Twitter.
We will strive to keep our current event listings updated with event status.
We encourage you to visit event sites directly for updates.

Visit our events page to see a complete list of events in the community.

NEW Postdoctoral Fellow – Immune Regulation in Gastrointestinal Cancers (City of Hope)

Research Assistant – Cellular and Humoral Immune Response (Caprion)

Postdoctoral Researcher – Oncolytic Virus (ViraTherapeutics GmbH)

Postdoctoral Researcher – DNA Break Repair and Recombination (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center)

Postdoctoral Researcher – Ion Channels in Immunolgoy (New York Univeristy)

Scientist – Post-Injury Inflammation (Athersys, Inc.)

Senior Scientist – Oncology Biomarker Development (Genentech, Inc.)

Associate Professor – Cancer Biology (University of Cincinnati)

Scientist – Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy (Genentech, Inc.)

Co-Director – Anti-Cancer Immune Response (Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey)

Research Fellow – Mucosal Immunology (University of Michigan)

Recruit Top Talent: Reach potential candidates by posting your organization’s career opportunities on the Connexon Creative Job Board at no cost.

Have we missed an important article or publication in Human Immunology News? Click here to submit!

Comments or suggestions? Submit your feedback here.