Immunology of Infectious Disease News Volume 3.31 | Aug 19 2015

Intestinal Macrophages Arising from CCR2⁺ Monocytes Control Pathogen Infection by Activating Innate Lymphoid Cells
Investigators showed that depletion of CCR2⁺ monocytes results in impaired clearance of the intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. After infection, the de novo recruited CCR2⁺ monocytes gave rise to CD11c⁺CD11b⁺F4/80⁺CD103⁻ intestinal macrophages within the lamina propria. [Nat Commun] Full Article

Viral Source-Independent High Susceptibility of Dendritic Cells to HTLV-1 Infection Compared to T Lymphocytes
Researchers first determined that human primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells were more susceptible to HTLV-1 infection than their autologous lymphocyte counterparts after contact with chronically infected cells. Next, a comparison of infection efficiency using non-concentrated or concentrated supernatant from infected cells as well as purified viral biofilm was performed. [J Virol] Abstract

Increased Immune Response Variability during Simultaneous Viral Co-Infection Leads to Unpredictability in CD8 T Cell Immunity and Pathogenesis
Using two different models of co-infection, including the well-studied lymphocytic choriomeningitis and Pichinde viruses, several differences were observed within the CD8 T cell responses to either virus. [J Virol] Abstract

Establishment of Functional Influenza Virus-Specific CD8⁺ T Cell Memory Pools after Intramuscular Immunization
Scientists examined the establishment of cross-reactive CD8⁺ T cell immunity in mice following immunization with live A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) influenza virus via two non-productive inoculation routes. They found that immunization via the intramuscular route established functional influenza-virus specific memory CD8⁺ T cell pools capable of cross-reactive recall responses. [Vaccine] Abstract

HIV

Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies
Using both a 278 panel of pseudoviruses in a CD4 T-cell assay and a panel of 117 viruses in the TZM-bl assay, researchers found that broadly neutralizing HIV monoclonal antibodies targeting many neutralizing epitopes of the spike had neutralization profiles for at least one virus that plateaued at <90%. [PLoS Pathog] Full Article

IL-21 and Probiotic Therapy Improve Th17 Frequencies, Microbial Translocation, and Microbiome in ARV-Treated, SIV-Infected Macaques
Scientists previously demonstrated that oral probiotics promote increased intestinal CD4⁺ T-cell reconstitution during antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in a non-human primate model of HIV infection; however, essential mucosal T-cell subsets, such as Th17 cells, had limited recovery. Here, they sought to promote Th17 cell recovery by administering interleukin (IL)-21 to a limited number of ARV-treated, probiotic-supplemented, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected pigtailed macaques. [Mucosal Immunol] Abstract

Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cell Depletion Is Mediated by TLRs in Lymphoid Tissues of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques
Investigators analyzed innate lymphoid cell (ILC) type 3 from mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues in chronically simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques and uninfected controls. Notably, ILC3 could be induced to undergo apoptosis by microbial products through the TLR2 and/or TLR4 pathway. [FASEB J] Abstract

Preferential Loss of Gut-Homing α4β7 CD4⁺ T Cells and Their Circulating Functional Subsets in Acute HIV-1 Infection
Researchers conducted a cohort study to investigate whether acute HIV-1 infection induced abnormalities in gut-homing α4β7 CD4⁺ T cells and their functional subsets. They found that circulating gut-homing α4β7 CD4⁺ T cells were preferentially depleted during acute HIV-1 infection and were positively correlated with absolute CD4⁺ T-cell count in blood. [Cell Mol Immunol] Abstract

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Emergent BioSolutions Receives $44 Million CDC Contract to Further Advance Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous Program
Emergent BioSolutions Inc. announced that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has exercised options under contract 200-2012-52242 for the supply of Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIGIV) into the U.S. Strategic National Stockpile. VIGIV is a therapeutic licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of complications due to smallpox vaccination. [Emergent BioSolutions Inc.] Press Release

ExeGi Pharma Partners with NIH-Funded AIDS Clinical Trials Group to Study Probiotic in People Living with HIV
ExeGi Pharma has announced participation in a clinical trial funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), to study the probiotic Visbiome™ in people living with HIV. [ExeGi Pharma] Press Release

Bavarian Nordic Initiates Phase I Clinical Trial of MVA-BN^® in Respiratory Syncitial Virus (RSV)
Bavarian Nordic A/S announced the initiation of a Phase I clinical study of its MVA-BN^® RSV vaccine candidate against RSV, the first study to evaluate the vaccine candidate in humans. [Bavarian Nordic A/S] Press Release

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Research Associate – Cell Separation (STEMCELL Technologies Inc.)

Scientist – Molecular Biologist/Genomics (International Livestock Research Institute)

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Postdoctoral Fellow – Molecular Microbiology/Immunology (The University of Tennessee)

Postdoctoral Fellowship – Viral Immunology (Emory University)

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Research Assistant – Immunotherapy for HIV Infection (California Institute of Technology)

PhD Studentship – Veterinary and Animal Sciences (University of Milan)

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