Immunology of Infectious Disease News Volume 7.31 | Aug 14 2019

TOP STORY

GDF15 Is an Inflammation-Induced Central Mediator of Tissue Tolerance

Researchers found that inflammation induced growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. [Cell] Abstract | Graphical Abstract

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MicroRNA-142 Is Critical for the Homeostasis and Function of Type 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells

miR-142-deficient mice had reduced natural killer-cell-dependent function and increased susceptibility to murine cytomegalovirus infection. [Immunity] Abstract | Graphical Abstract

IL-4 Subverts Mycobacterial Containment in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Human Macrophages

The effect of human recombinant interleukin (IL)-4 on mycobacterial survival/containment was evaluated in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages co-cultured with mycobacterial antigen-primed effector T cells. Regulatory T cell and Th1 cytokine levels were evaluated using flow cytometry. [Eur Respir J] Abstract

Rig-I-Like Receptors Direct Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization against West Nile Virus Infection

Investigators revealed the RIG-I-like receptor-driven signature of macrophage polarization, innate immune protection, and immune programming against West Nile Virus infection. [Nat Commun] Full Article

Context-Dependent Role for T-bet in T Follicular Helper Differentiation and Germinal Center Function following Viral Infection

Comparing influenza and LCMV viral infections, the authors demonstrated that the role of T-bet is contingent on the environmental setting of T follicular helper differentiation, IL-2 signaling, and T cell competition. [Cell Rep] Full Article | Press Release | Graphical Abstract

CD8 T Cells Targeting Adapted Epitopes in Chronic HIV Infection Promote Dendritic Cell Maturation and CD4 T Cell trans-Infection

During chronic HIV infection (CHI), viral sequencing identified adapted epitopes (AE)-encoding strains as the dominant quasispecies. Despite increased CD4 T cell cytotoxicity, CD8 T cells responding to AE promoted dendritic cell maturation and CD4 T cell trans-infection perhaps explaining why AE are predominant in CHI. [PLoS Pathog] Full Article

A Novel Vaccine Strategy to Overcome Poor Immunogenicity of Avian Influenza Vaccines through Mobilization of Memory CD4 T Cells Established by Seasonal Influenza

Scientists hypothesized that one factor underlying weak B cell responses was sequence divergence between avian and seasonal influenza hemagglutinin proteins, thus limiting the availability of adequate CD4 T cell help. [J Immunol] Abstract

Molecular Evaluation of Oral Immunogenicity of Hepatitis B Antigen Delivered by Hydrogel Microparticles

In in vivo study, mice orally vaccinated with antigen-loaded hydrogel microparticles showed enhanced vaccine immunogenicity with significantly higher secretion of mucosal IgA, compared to intramuscular vaccinated control. The splenocytes from the same group demonstrated lymphoproliferation and significant increased secretion of IL-2 cytokines upon stimulation with hepatitis B antigen. [Mol Pharm] Abstract

Antiretroviral Therapy Partially Improves the Abnormalities of Dendritic Cells and Lymphoid and Myeloid Regulatory Populations in Recently Infected HIV Patients

Researchers evaluated the effects of antiretroviral therapy on plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells as well as regulatory T and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in HIV-infected patients. [Sci Rep] Full Article

PD-1 of Sigmodon hispidus: Gene Identification, Characterization and Preliminary Evaluation of Expression in Inactivated RSV Vaccine-Induced Enhanced Respiratory Disease

Using the newly acquired gene sequence, the authors observed a decreased level of PD-1 levels in cotton rats with enhanced respiratory disease induced by inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine [Sci Rep] Full Article

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Immune Responses against Enterovirus A71 Infection: Implications for Vaccine Success

Recent clinical trials on Enterovirus A71 inactivated vaccine showed >90% efficacy and a robust neutralization response that was protective, indicating neutralizing antibody correlates for protection. No protection against other enteroviruses was observed. [Rev Med Virol] Abstract

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FDA Approves Breakthrough Drug to Treat Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

FDA announced its approval of pretomanid, a new drug developed to treat extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and treatment intolerant/non-responsive multidrug-resistant TB. [RTI International] Press Release

PALM Ebola Clinical Trial Stopped Early as Regeneron’s REGN-EB3 Therapy Shows Superiority to ZMapp in Preventing Ebola Deaths

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced that the company was informed by study investigators that a randomized, controlled trial evaluating four investigational therapies for Ebola virus infection was stopped early because REGN-EB3 was superior to ZMapp in preventing death. [Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.] Press Release

Two Ebola Drugs Show Promise Amid Ongoing Outbreak

Two Ebola drugs have proven so effective in a clinical trial that researchers will make the treatments available to anyone infected with the virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where Ebola has killed nearly 1,900 people over the past year. [Nature News] Editorial

UC Faculty Members Quit Cell Press Editorial Boards over Impasse with Publisher

Some of the University of California’s (UC’s) most prominent scientists have announced they will resign from editorial boards of Cell Press to protest the continuing impasse between its owner, publishing giant Elsevier, and UC over subscription costs and open access to articles. [ScienceInsider] Editorial

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