Rituximab versus Tocilizumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Synovial Biopsy-Based Biomarker Analysis of the Phase IV R4RA Randomized Trial

In-depth histological/molecular analyses of randomized clinical trial in rheumatoid arthritis (R4RA) synovial biopsies identified humoral immune response gene signatures associated with response to rituximab and tocilizumab, and a stromal/fibroblast signature in patients refractory to all medications.