Toll-Like Receptor 9 Deficiency Induces Osteoclastic Bone Loss via Gut Microbiota-Associated Systemic Chronic Inflammation

Scientists showed for the first time that TLR9−/− mice exhibited a low bone mass and low-grade systemic chronic inflammation, which was characterized by the expansion of CD4+ T cells and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, RANKL, and IL1β.