Indoxyl Sulfate Impairs In Vitro Erythropoiesis by Triggering Apoptosis and Senescence

CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells were isolated from human umbilical cord blood and differentiated toward erythrocyte lineage for 14 days in various concentrations of indoxyl sulfate (IS). The effects of IS on cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence were determined.