AMPK Phosphorylates and Stabilizes Copper Transporter 1 to Synergize Metformin and Copper Chelator for Breast Cancer Therapy

CRISPR/Cas9-based kinome screening was used to identify the copper transporter 1 (CTR1) upstream kinases. Immunofluorescence assays were utilized to detect CTR1 localization. In vitro kinase assays and mass spectrometry were performed to detect CTR1 phosphorylation.