Landscape of Helper and Regulatory Antitumor CD4⁺ T Cells in Melanoma

Researchers performed in-depth analysis of the phenotype and tumour specificity of CD4+ T cells infiltrating human melanoma specimens, finding that exhausted cytotoxic CD4+ T cells could be directly induced by melanoma cells through recognition of HLA class II-restricted neoantigens, and also HLA class I-restricted tumor-associated antigens.