The Epitope Basis of Embryonic Stem Cell-Induced Antitumor Immunity against Bladder Cancer

The authors tested prophylactic and therapeutic bladder cancer vaccines composed of allogeneic ESCs and CpG with or without GM-CSF. The ESC-based cancer vaccines were able to induce specific antitumor immunity including stimulating cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and memory CD4+ T cells, reducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and preventing bladder cancer growth in mouse models.