Engineered Cytokine-Primed Extracellular Vesicles with High PD-L1 Expression Ameliorate Type 1 Diabetes

Investigators reported that hexyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride-loaded engineered cytokine-primed MSC-EVs with high expression of immune checkpoint molecule programmed death-legend 1 (PD-L1) exerted excellent inflammatory targeting and immunosuppressive effects for type 1 diabetes imaging and therapy.