Osteopontin Is a Key Regulator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in the Outflow Vein of Arteriovenous Fistulas

Scientists identified key factors associated with arteriovenous fistula outflow stenosis. They isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the inferior vena cava of wild-type and osteopontin-knockout mice and assessed the proliferation of VSMCs following stimulation with platelet-derived growth factors.