Measuring Anti-Islet Autoimmunity in Mouse and Human by Profiling Peripheral Blood Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cells

Peptide–major histocompatibility complex tetramers were used to profile blood anti-insulin CD4 T cells in mice and humans. The state of activation of anti-insulin T cells measured by RNA and protein profiling was able to distinguish the absence of autoimmunity vs. disease progression.