Medicine Is Plagued by Untrustworthy Clinical Trials. How Many Studies Are Faked or Flawed?

In October 2020, John Carlisle reported a startling estimate of the number of clinical-trial studies in medical journals that are fake or fatally flawed. For more than 150 trials, Carlisle got access to anonymized individual participant data and judged that 44% of the trials contained at least some flawed data.