Decellularized Scaffolds with Double-Layer Aligned Microchannels Induce the Oriented Growth of Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells: Toward Urethral and Ureteral Reconstruction

Researchers engineered a tubular decellularized extracellular matrix with an intact internal layer and bidirectional aligned microchannels in the tubular wall, which was realized by the subcutaneous implantation of a template, followed by the removal of the template, and decellularization.