Tumor-Specific Cholinergic CD4⁺ T Lymphocytes Guide Immunosurveillance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

In a mouse multihit model of hepatocellular carcinoma, investigators observed activation of the adaptive immune response and induction of two populations of CD4+ T cells expressing choline acetyltransferase, including regulatory T cells and dysfunctional PD-1+ T cells.