Opposing Roles for TGFβ- and BMP-Signaling During Nascent Alveolar Differentiation in the Developing Human Lung

Using lung explant and organoid models, scientists identified opposing effects of TGFβ- and BMP-signaling, where inhibition of TGFβ- and activation of BMP-signaling in the context of high WNT- and FGF-signaling efficiently differentiated early lung progenitors into AT2-like cells in vitro.