Nerve Growth Factor-Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome-Functionalized 3D-Printed Hierarchical Porous Scaffolds with Neuro-Promotive Properties for Enhancing Innervated Bone Regeneration

MSCs were stimulated with nerve growth factor to regulate exosomal cargoes to improve neuro-promotive potential and facilitate innervated bone regeneration. In vitro cell experiments showed that the NGF-stimulated MSCs-derived exosomes obviously improved the cellular function and neurotrophic effects of the neural cells, and consequently, the osteogenic potential of the osteo-reparative cells.