Innovative Preconditioning Strategies for Improving the Therapeutic Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Diseases

The authors discuss the application of MSC-EVs in several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders taking into account their mechanism of action, and summarize the challenges and restrictions that need to be overcome to promote their clinical application in the treatment of various GI diseases.