Hierarchically Assembled Nanofiber Scaffold Guides Long Bone Regeneration by Promoting Osteogenic/Chondrogenic Differentiation of Endogenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells

A three-dimensional vertically aligned nanofiber scaffold (VAS) was developed with long channels and large pore size. The pore of VAS toward the bone marrow cavity after transplantation enabled the scaffolds to recruit bone marrow MSCs from the bone marrow cavity to the defect area. In vivo, it is found that VAS can significantly shorten gap distance and promote new bone formation compared to the control and collagen groups after 4 and 8 weeks of implantation.