Engineered Exosomes with ATF5-Modified mRNA Loaded in Injectable Thermogels Alleviate Osteoarthritis by Targeting the Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response

Investigators successfully validated the pivotal role of activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) in upregulating the UPRmt, mitigating IL-1β-induced inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, and promoting balanced metabolism in articular cartilage ECM, proving its potential as a promising therapeutic target for osteoarthritis.