PD-L1- and IL-4-Expressing Basophils Promote Pathogenic Accumulation of T Follicular Helper Cells in Lupus

Scientists provided evidence for a direct functional relationship between T follicular helper (TFH) cells and basophils during lupus pathogenesis, both in humans and mice. PD-L1 upregulation on basophils and IL-4 production are associated with TFH and TFH2 cell expansions and with disease activity.