Artificial Self-Mineralized MSCs’ Niche Mimics Dynamic Variations of ECM Modulus during Osteogenesis for Rapid Bone Regeneration

The development of artificial scaffolds capable of providing dynamically evolving mineralized niches for mesenchymal stem cells remains challenging, and the underlying osteogenic mechanisms are still poorly understood. A hierarchical graphene-doped polymethyl methacrylate scaffold was fabricated via vapor-induced phase separation.