Upregulation of Endothelial DKK1 (Dickkopf 1) Promotes the Development of Pulmonary Hypertension through the Sp1 (Specificity Protein 1)/SHMT2 (Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase 2) Pathway

Investigators found endothelial DKK1 expression was upregulated in serum and lung tissues obtained from patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), mice with hypoxia-induced PH, and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells cultured under hypoxic conditions.