PAI-1 Is a Vascular Cell–Specific HIF-2–Dependent Angiogenic Factor That Promotes Retinal Neovascularization in Diabetic Patients

Researchers performed multiplex ELISA angiogenesis arrays on aqueous fluid from proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients who responded inadequately to anti-VEGF therapy and/or pan-retinal laser photocoagulation and identified plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).