S1P Signaling Pathways in Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes

Scientists review recent study updates of sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P), summarizing its effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus with respect to pathogenesis, promoting β cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, reducing insulin resistance, protecting the liver and pancreas from lipotoxic damage, improving intestinal incretin effects, lowering basal glucagon levels, etc.