Oral Cyanobacteria and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Bacterial 16S rRNA sequences were evaluated in oral samples from 90 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases and 90 controls who were a part of a larger US case–control study of HCC among patients diagnosed from 2011 to 2016. The authors provides novel evidence that oral Cyanobacteria may be an independent risk factor for HCC.