Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes Synergistically Enhance the Antitumor Activity of Autologous Cancer Vaccines

To specifically trigger sufficient antitumor reactivity without notable adverse effects, scientists developed an antigen and adjuvant codelivery nanoparticle vaccine based on Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membranes (EMs) and tumor cell membranes (TMs) from resected autologous tumor tissue.