Immuno-Engineered Nanodecoys for the Multi-Target Anti-Inflammatory Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases

IFN-γ treatment induced remarkable PD-L1 expression on PD-L1-expressing macrophage membrane (PRM), thereby allowing PRM nanodecoys to bind mPD-1 on CD4+ T cell surfaces or neutralize free sPD-1, which reconstructed the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory axis to suppress CD4+ T cell activation and restore immune tolerance.